Can AI detectors save us from ChatGPT? I tried 5 online tools to find out

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When I first looked at the question of whether it's possible to fight back against AI-generated plagiarism, and how that might work, it was January 2023, just a few months into the world's exploding awareness of generative AI. Now, almost a year later, it feels like we've been exploring generative AI for years and years, but we've really been looking at the issue for a matter of months.

In any case, this is an updated version of that original January article. When I first tested GPT detectors, I used three: the GPT-2 Output Detector, Writer.com AI Content Detector, and Content at Scale AI Content Detection. The best result was 66% correct, from the GPT-2 Output Detector. This time, I'm adding three more: GPTZero, ZeroGPT (yes, they're different), and Writefull's GPT Detector.

Also: How to use ChatGPT: Everything you need to know

Unfortunately, I'm removing the Writer.com AI Content Detector from our test suite because it failed back in January and it failed again now. See below for a comment from the company, which their team sent me after the original article was published in January.

Before I go on, though, we need to talk about the concept of plagiarism and how it relates to our problem. Webster's defines "plagiarize" as "to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own; use (another's production) without crediting the source."

This definition fits AI-created content. While someone using an AI tool like Notion AI or ChatGPT isn't stealing content, if that person doesn't credit the words as coming from an AI and claims them as their own, it still meets the dictionary definition of plagiarism.

Also: The best AI image generators to try

In this experimental article, I've asked ChatGPT to help out. My words are in normal and bold text. The AI's words are italicized. After each AI-generated section, I'll show the results of the detectors. At the end of the article, we'll look at how well the detectors performed overall.

Here's the result for the above text, which I wrote myself:

GPT-2 Output Detector: 99.98% realContent at Scale AI Content Detection: 100% Highly likely to be human!GPTZero: Your text is likely to be written entirely by a humanZeroGPT: 28.9% AI GPT Your Text is Most Likely Human writtenWritefull GPT Detector: 1% likely this comes from GPT-3, GPT-4 or ChatGPT

Human-written content: 4-of-5 correct

With that, let's dig in some more.

Explain why ChatGPT can be a real problem for teachers and editors when it comes to plagiarism

ChatGPT is a variant of the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) language model developed by OpenAI. It is designed to generate human-like text by predicting the next word or phrase in a given input sequence. While ChatGPT can be a useful tool for generating text and responding to prompts, it can also be a problem for teachers and editors when it comes to plagiarism.

One of the main reasons why ChatGPT can be a problem for teachers and editors is that it can generate text that is very similar to that of real human writers. This means that students or other individuals could potentially use ChatGPT to generate text that they could then submit as their own work, thereby committing plagiarism.

Also: The official ChatGPT app for Android finally launches

For teachers and editors, detecting whether a given piece of text was generated by ChatGPT or written by a human can be very difficult, as the generated text may not contain any obvious errors or discrepancies that would reveal its artificial origin. This can make it difficult for teachers and editors to identify and prevent plagiarism, as they may not be able to tell whether a given piece of text is original or copied from another source.

Overall, ChatGPT and other similar language models can be a problem for teachers and editors when it comes to plagiarism because they can generate text that is difficult to distinguish from that written by humans, making it easier for students and other individuals to commit plagiarism without being detected.

GPT-2 Output Detector: 99.69% realContent at Scale AI Content Detection: 3% Highly likely to be AI-generated!GPTZero: We suggest entering a longer text for more precise predictionZeroGPT: 51.22% AI GPT Your Text is AI/GPT GeneratedWritefull GPT Detector: 12% likely this comes from GPT-3, GPT-4 or ChatGPT

AI-written content: 1-of-5 correct (barely)

Remember, text shown in italics was generated by the AI.

Show me at least three ways that I can detect ChatGPT was used to produce a piece of text

There are several ways that you can potentially detect whether ChatGPT or another language model was used to produce a piece of text. Here are three potential approaches you could use:

Look for repetitive or unusual patterns in the text: One way to detect whether a language model was used to generate a piece of text is to look for repetitive or unusual patterns in the writing. For example, language models may repeat certain phrases or word combinations, or use unusual or inconsistent sentence structures.Check for lack of originality: Another way to detect whether a language model was used to generate a piece of text is to check for a lack of originality in the writing. If a piece of text appears to be copied from another source, or if it contains information that is widely available on the internet or in other sources, it could be a sign that it was generated by a language model.Use a plagiarism checker: Finally, you can use a plagiarism checker to check whether a piece of text appears to be copied from another source. While a plagiarism checker may not be able to definitively determine whether a language model was used to generate a piece of text, it can help you identify instances of copying or paraphrasing from other sources.Note when the answer is obviously wrong: I talked about this in my Notion AI review, where I spotlighted some text the AI wrote with seeming authority, but which was blatantly wrong. If a student or writer doesn't have full command of the topic being discussed, they may not spot the inaccuracies and simply leave them in the AI-generated response. Of course, incorrect statements aren't just the purview of an AI writing tool. Many bloggers and commenters, for example, simply repeat statements made by other bloggers, creating an echo chamber of completely "false facts", showing that while intelligence may be artificial, stupidity is a universal trait.

Keep in mind that it can be difficult to definitively determine whether a language model was used to generate a piece of text, and these methods may not always be effective. However, they can be useful tools to help you identify potential instances of language model-generated text.

In this set of tests, only the italicized content above was run through the checker suite.

GPT-2 Output Detector: 99.98% fakeContent at Scale AI Content Detection: 99% Highly likely to be Human!GPTZero: Your text may include parts written by AIZeroGPT: 91.35% AI GPT Your Text is AI/GPT GeneratedWritefull GPT Detector: 77% likely this comes from GPT-3, GPT-4 or ChatGPT

AI-written content: 4-of-5 correct

List three plagiarism checkers that can detect ChatGPT text

It is worth noting that there is currently no plagiarism checker that is specifically designed to detect text generated by ChatGPT or other language models. While some plagiarism checkers may be able to identify certain characteristics of language model-generated text that could indicate its artificial origin, there is no guarantee that they will be able to definitively determine whether a piece of text was generated by a language model.

With that said, here are three plagiarism checkers that you might consider using to help identify potential instances of language model-generated text:

Turnitin: Turnitin is a popular plagiarism checker that is widely used by schools and universities. It compares a piece of text to a database of other texts to identify instances of copying or paraphrasing. While it may not be able to definitively determine whether a piece of text was generated by a language model, it could potentially identify certain characteristics of language model-generated text that could indicate its artificial origin.PlagScan: PlagScan is another plagiarism checker that compares a piece of text to a database of other texts to identify instances of copying or paraphrasing. Like Turnitin, it may be able to identify certain characteristics of language model-generated text that could indicate its artificial origin, but it is not specifically designed to detect language model-generated text.Copyleaks: Copyleaks is a plagiarism checker that uses advanced machine learning algorithms to scan a piece of text and compare it to a database of other texts to identify instances of copying or paraphrasing. While it may be able to identify certain characteristics of language model-generated text, it is not specifically designed to detect language model-generated text.

It is worth noting that no plagiarism checker is completely foolproof, and there is always the possibility that a piece of language model-generated text could escape detection. Therefore, it is important to use plagiarism checkers as just one part of a larger strategy to detect and prevent plagiarism.

GPT-2 Output Detector: 99.58% realContent at Scale AI Content Detection: 100% Highly likely to be Human!GPTZero: Your text may include parts written by AIZeroGPT: 100% AI GPT Your Text is AI/GPT GeneratedWritefull GPT Detector: 88% likely this comes from GPT-3, GPT-4 or ChatGPT

AI-written content: 3-of-5 correct

Online AI plagiarism checkers

Most plagiarism detectors are used to compare writing against a corpus of other writing. For example, when a student turns in an essay, a product like Turnitin scans the submitted essay against a huge library of other essays in its database, as well as against other documents and text on the internet to determine if the submitted essay contains already-written content.

But the AI writing tools generate original content, at least in theory. Yes, they build their content from whatever they've been trained on, but the actual words they construct are somewhat unique for each composition.

Also: The 10 best ChatGPT plugins right now

As such, the plagiarism checkers mentioned above probably won't work, because the AI-generated content probably didn't exist in, say, another student's paper.

In this article, we're just looking at GPT detectors. But plagiarism is a big problem, and as we've seen, some choose to define plagiarism as something you claim as yours that you didn't write, while others choose to define plagiarism as something written by someone else that you claimed is yours.

That distinction was never a problem until now. Now that we have non-human writers, the plagiarism distinction is more nuanced. It's up to every teacher, school, editor, and institution to decide exactly where that line is drawn.

GPT-2 Output Detector: 99.98% realContent at Scale AI Content Detection: 100% Highly likely to be Human!GPTZero: Your text is likely to be written entirely by a humanZeroGPT: 0% AI GPT Your Text is Human writtenWritefull GPT Detector: 1% likely this comes from GPT-3, GPT-4 or ChatGPT

Human-written content: 5-of-5 correct

Overall results

Of the five tests run, four out of five were generally accurate. Tests proved more accurate overall on pure human content than pure AI content. It is interesting to note that the individual detectors varied wildly, so if you're going to use a GPT detector, you might want to use a bunch of them on a single piece of text and aggregate the results. Even with that, you're not guaranteed complete accuracy.

Also: OpenAI pulls its own AI detection tool because it was performing so poorly

Test	Overall	Human	AI	AI	AI	Human
GPT-2 Output Detector	60%	Correct	Fail	Correct	Fail	Correct
Content at Scale AI Content Detection	40%	Correct	Fail	Fail	Fail	Correct
GPTZero	80%	Fail	Correct	Correct	Correct	Correct
ZeroGPT	80%	Correct	Fail	Correct	Correct	Correct
Writefull GPT Detector	60%	Fail	Fail	Correct	Correct	Correct

Back in January, the best we did was 66% correct. Here, we have two tools that were correct 80% of the time. But I would not be comfortable using these tools to validate a student's content. As has been shown, writing from non-native speakers often gets rated as generated by an AI, and even my hand-crafted content was rated as AI a few times. So, I would advocate caution before relying on the results of any (or all) of these tools.

Also: Could someone falsely accuse you of using AI-generated text? This could be why

Let's take a look at the individual testers and see how each performed.

GPT-2 Output Detector (Accuracy 60%)

This first tool was built using a machine-learning hub managed by New York-based AI company Hugging Face. While the company has received $40 million in funding to develop its natural language library, the GPT-2 detector appears to be a user-created tool using the Hugging Face Transformers library. Of the six tests I ran, it was accurate for four of them.