Web Security Vulnerabilities Every Pentester Should Know :

Web security is constantly evolving, with new vulnerabilities emerging every day. As security professionals, it’s crucial to stay ahead of attackers.

In this guide, I’ve compiled a list of web security vulnerabilities, categorized with manual testing, automated exploitation, and risk impact analysis. Whether you’re a pentester, security researcher, or developer, this list will serve as a valuable reference.

Let’s dive deep into web security and learn how to test, exploit, and secure applications effectively.

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Injection based issue

SQL Injection (SQLi)NoSQL InjectionCommand InjectionLDAP InjectionXML Injection (XXE)XPath InjectionORM InjectionCRLF InjectionHTTP Response SplittingHost Header InjectionLog InjectionSSI InjectionEmail Header InjectionExpression Language InjectionHTML InjectionGraphQL InjectionSSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)DNS RebindingSecond-Order SQL InjectionBlind SQL InjectionTime-Based SQL InjectionError-Based SQL InjectionBoolean-Based SQL InjectionOut-of-Band SQL InjectionOS Command InjectionShell InjectionCode InjectionXML External Entity (XXE)XPath InjectionSMTP InjectionPHP Object InjectionJava Deserialization Attack.NET Deserialization AttackRuby Marshal InjectionPerl Object InjectionYAML Deserialization AttackPython Pickle DeserializationJSON InjectionServer-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)Blind SSRFCross-Site Scripting (XSS) — StoredCross-Site Scripting (XSS) — ReflectedCross-Site Scripting (XSS) — DOMCross-Site Scripting (XSS) — Mutation BasedClickjackingFrame InjectionOpen RedirectWeb Cache PoisoningWebSocket InjectionFile Inclusion — LFI & RFI

Authentication & Authorization Issues

Broken AuthenticationSession FixationSession HijackingCredential StuffingBrute Force AttacksPassword SprayingOAuth Token HijackingJWT Token ForgeryAPI Key ExposureWeak Password Reset MechanismsAccount Takeover via Forgot PasswordDefault Credentials ExploitationInsecure Direct Object References (IDOR)Privilege EscalationInsecure CORS PolicyHardcoded Credentials in CodeMulti-Factor Authentication BypassImproper Access ControlBusiness Logic BypassMissing Authorization ChecksWeak Session ManagementLack of HTTPOnly & Secure Flags on CookiesExposed Session Tokens in URLsWeak Password PoliciesSocial Engineering VulnerabilitiesMisconfigured SSO (Single Sign-On) SMS-based 2FA BypassToken Replay AttacksExploiting Unexpired SessionsCAPTCHA BypassPassword Hash CrackingCloud Bucket Misconfiguration (AWS/GCP/Azure)API Rate Limit BypassLDAP MisconfigurationLack of Account Lockout MechanismImproper Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)Exposed SSH KeysOpen Database Exposures (MongoDB, Firebase, Elasticsearch)Publicly Accessible Admin PanelsStored Credentials in Local StorageWeak Security QuestionsPublic API Key LeakageThird-Party OAuth Token LeakageMisconfigured Authentication FlowsPredictable Login URLsUnsecured WebhooksExploitable Debug EndpointsSelf-XSS Leading to Account TakeoverWeak JWT Signature AlgorithmLack of Logout Functionality

Advanced & Emerging Vulnerabilities

Subdomain TakeoverMisconfigured DNS RecordsDNS Zone Transfer AttackSSRF via Metadata API (AWS/GCP)Cloud Instance Metadata LeakageMisconfigured CSP (Content Security Policy)Insecure TLS ConfigurationsOutdated TLS/SSL ProtocolsWeak Cipher SuitesMisconfigured HSTS PolicyPublicly Exposed Configuration FilesDirectory TraversalInsecure File Upload HandlingArbitrary File Write VulnerabilityInsecure RedirectsLack of Proper Logging & MonitoringServer Misconfigurations (Apache, Nginx, IIS)Insufficient API SecurityUnpatched Software & LibrariesHardcoded API Tokens in CodeDefault or Insecure HeadersWeak or Misconfigured WAF RulesRace ConditionsInsecure Server BackupsAPI Parameter PollutionInformation Leakage via Error MessagesLeaked Source Code via .git ExposuresMisconfigured CDN CachingHTTP Request SmugglingHTTP Host Header InjectionInsecure Kubernetes ConfigurationsDocker MisconfigurationsExploitable Open PortsWebSocket Security FlawsImproperly Secured Redis/Memcached InstancesLog Injection via Web InterfacesExposed Debug Mode in Web AppsPHP Info ExposurePublicly Accessible Swagger API DocsRate-Limiting Issues in APIsJavaScript Prototype PollutionAPI Functionality AbuseImproper S3 Bucket PermissionsCloud IAM MisconfigurationMisconfigured Reverse ProxiesExposed Environment VariablesSQL Database Exposure via Misconfigured FirewallTampering with JSON Web TokensCross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) IssuesServer-Side Memory ExposureAI Model Extraction AttacksBlockchain Smart Contract ExploitsDeepfake-Based Authentication BypassAPI Misuse Leading to Data BreachesInsider Threat ExploitationLack of API Security StandardsExploiting Weak Encryption ImplementationsCertificate Transparency Log AbuseDNS Cache PoisoningMalicious Chrome ExtensionsSupply Chain AttacksExposed DevOps SecretsExploiting IoT Device Weaknesses5G Network ExploitsMisconfigured Zero Trust ArchitecturesDeep Packet Inspection EvasionExploiting AI-Powered CAPTCHA SystemsAI/ML Model PoisoningHardware Backdoors in Cloud InfrastructureZero-Day Exploitation in Web TechnologiesSaaS Application MisconfigurationsAPI Abuse for Privilege EscalationCloud Storage ExfiltrationUnsecured API GatewaysWeak Encryption on Cloud StorageExploiting Quantum Computing WeaknessesAI-Based Malware DeliveryCyber-Physical System AttacksVulnerable Embedded SystemsSide-Channel Attacks in Virtual MachinesAI-Generated Code VulnerabilitiesML Pipeline PoisoningIoT Botnet ExploitationServerless Application MisconfigurationsLack of Isolation in Multi-Tenant CloudRogue AI Model TrainingExposed LLM APIs in Web ApplicationsAdvanced Cloud Persistence TechniquesHacking Biometric AuthenticationIdentity Federation ExploitsRansomware in Cloud BackupsWeaknesses in Confidential ComputingExploiting LLM Prompt InjectionCryptographic Key Reuse AttacksHidden Malicious AI ModelsPoisoned AI Training DatasetsData Poisoning in Recommender SystemsEvasion of AI-Based Threat DetectionFederated Learning ExploitsAutonomous System Hijacking

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